India's Labour Codes and Informal Workers: A Mixed Impact.

India’s four new labour codes aim to streamline regulations, but their impact on informal workers remains uncertain. While the Code on Social Security, 2020 introduces welfare boards and social protection schemes, challenges persist. Informal workers still face non-payment of minimum wages, unsafe work environments, and lack of formal sector benefits. Though the e-Shram portal registers over 30 crore workers for welfare schemes, enforcement issues limit its effectiveness. State welfare boards, meant to address informal workers' needs, remain underfunded and inactive. For the codes to be effective, the government must ensure active enforcement, sector-specific policies, and dialogue with workers and unions to enhance social security and working conditions.